This article applies the principal–agent framework to the use of autonomous AI systems in digital markets. It examines the challenge of aligning AI agents with the interests of end-users, given that many systems may also reflect the objectives of developers, platform providers, or advertisers. These “shadow principals” create persistent information asymmetries and reduce user control....Read More
Artificial Intelligence technologies prompt several doctrinal shifts in competition law. For AI market governance, this means moving toward personalized enforcement. Rather than applying one-size-fits-all legal tests, regulators may need to tailor rules and liability standards by sector, by actor, or by the sophistication of algorithms in use. This approach requires greater transparency, context-sensitive oversight, and...Read More
The European Union’s AI Act applies across a broad range of domains and use cases, aiming to promote horizontal consistency and prevent the sectoral fragmentation of AI governance. This paper identifies five key challenges in operationalizing such horizontal AI regulation and explores their implications for the design of an effective institutional governance framework. Together, these...Read More
This article explores Japan’s emerging approach to regulating generative AI, balancing innovation and risk. The government emphasizes soft, sector-specific regulation guided by international norms, while the 2025 AI Bill outlines policies promoting AI development and safety. The Japan Fair Trade Commission (JFTC) is conducting a market study to assess competitive concerns in generative AI, and...Read More
