Digital and technology markets are often analyzed as if innovation moves along a smooth path. We describe an alternative view: innovation unfolds on rugged technological landscapes, where firms learn from prior successes and failures and choose between expanding the frontier and innovating within existing niches. This distinction helps explain why innovation may stall without exclusion,...Read More
This edition of the Latin Antitrust Chronicles provides an overview of the main developments that took place in late 2025 and early 2026 across Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico. The developments in Argentina and Mexico, on the one hand, focus on changes implemented in the respective antitrust regimes, whereas the updates from Brazil, on the other...Read More
There were a number of decisions from January through March 2026, including: (1) the Ninth Circuit’s decision in AliveCor v. Apple, holding that Apple’s alleged refusal to continue sharing certain data with third-party app developers was properly classified as a refusal to deal (as opposed to predatory product design); (2) the FTC’s win in FTC...Read More
Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030 is the most ambitious economic transformation program in the world today, yet it is widely misunderstood in the West. This article introduces a new analytical framework to explain how digital technologies are upgrading the operating system of Saudi capitalism, shifting the economy from rent distribution to value creation through deeper, more...Read More
This issue presents recent developments in EU competition law enforcement in digital markets. It examines the growing phenomenon of parallel investigations by the Commission and national competition authorities – illustrated by the WhatsApp and Amazon Buy Box cases – and the challenges of enforcement allocation within the European Competition Network. The analysis also explores the...Read More
Many parts of the legal system pursue “fair” distributions of wealth or economic status. Antitrust law does not. The antitrust statutes target practices that reduce output or threaten monopoly (measured through prices, output, quality, or innovation) not distributive outcomes.Read More
Market power can be assessed in antitrust cases by two methods often described as “alternatives”. For unilateral conduct, however, they are inconsistent. Courts insist on market shares well above 50%, which entails that only one firm can be a monopolist. Direct measures by examining price-cost margins, however, can sometimes produce two or more “monopolists” in...Read More
US antitrust law has traditionally paid little attention to global competitiveness and industrial policy objectives. This reflects a commitment to enabling the free play of competitive forces to determine market outcomes and an aversion to protectionist policies that may favor inefficient “national champions.” These assumptions are challenged in a global marketplace where China has pursued...Read More
In product markets that rely heavily on artificial intelligence (AI), firms both use data and generate data. For a multiproduct firm, the data generated by one product will often have spillover benefits on the firm’s other AI-enabled products, increasing their quality. This presumptively benefits consumers and may encourage procompetitive coordination between complementary products or data...Read More
“Great nations” rivalry includes all aspects of economic rivalry, so it is natural that the great nations consider antitrust a weapon in their arsenals, particularly in areas such as military, technology, culture, and finance. While some strategic use (and abuse) of antitrust is probably unavoidable, judicious deployment of competition law principles by great nations can...Read More
Countries use non-tariff barriers (NTBs) as instruments of industrial policy. NTBs often are difficult to observe and hard to adjust because they are part of national regulations. NTBs are inflexible in comparison to tariffs. The number of NTBs has expanded significantly. The article concludes that NTBs can impede technological change and harm incentives to innovate.Read More
This special issue examines the coexistence of industrial and competition policy in a period of geopolitical rivalry and rapid technological change. The contributions analyze these tensions through three lenses: innovation economics, legal doctrine, and digital markets. Each paper offers a distinct perspective on how government intervention can both strengthen and weaken competitiveness. Together, the authors...Read More
This issue presents recent developments in EU competition law enforcement in digital markets. It examines the European Commission’s first non-compliance decisions under the Digital Markets Act (DMA) against Apple and Meta, as well as its decision concerning coordination in the online food delivery sector. The analysis focuses on how these cases illustrate the Commission’s emerging...Read More
There were a number of decisions from June through September 2025 including: (1) a fifth recent decision (U.S. et al. v. Apple) refusing to apply the more defense-friendly refusal-to-deal standard; (2) yet another lower court decision (involving the “famed” Hermès Birkin bag) declining to apply a per se illegal standard to a tying claim brought...Read More
